Judgments About Male Victims of Sexual Assault by Women: A 35-Year Replication Study.

Sexual assault of men by women has received increasing attention in recent years, as has research on rape myths about male victims. This study is a cross-generational replication of a 1984 study of college students' judgments about male and female victims in a scenario involving a sexual assault carried out by male or female assailants. The 1984 data (n = 172) were compared with those of a 2019 cohort (n = 372) in a 2 (participant gender) x 2 (assailant gender) x 2 (victim gender) x 2 (cohort) factorial design to assess potential generational changes in perceptions of victims. Judgments by male participants of male victims of assaults carried out by women changed notably over time. The 2019 male cohort was less likely to judge that the victim initiated or encouraged the incident (40% in 1984 compared with 15% in 2019) and derived pleasure from it (47.4% in 1984 compared with 5.8% in 2019). In contrast, the 2019 female cohort was more likely to attribute victim encouragement (26.9% compared with 4.3% in 1984) and pleasure to the male victim (25% in 2019 compared with 5% in 1984). A similar gender pattern occurred in judgments of how stressful the event was for the male victim. Analysis of the 2019 data revealed that overall, despite scientific and cultural shifts that have occurred over the past three decades, participants continued to judge the male victim of assault by a female to have been more encouraging and to have experienced more pleasure and less stress than in any other assailant/victim gender combination. Results are discussed in relation to gendered stereotypical beliefs and male rape myths, as well as possible sensitization to power differentials inspired by the #MeToo movement. We emphasize the need for greater awareness and empirical attention to abuse that runs counter to preconceived notions about sexual victimization.

Leveling the playing field: can psychological coping resources reduce the influence of physical and technical skills on athletic performance?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The present study assessed the extent to which individual differences in psychological coping resources are related to athletic performance; whether they can attenuate the amount of performance variance accounted for by physical/technical skills; and whether coping resources remain significant predictors of performance when physical/technical skill level is statistically controlled. METHODS: Twenty college golf coaches rated the physical/technical skills of 189 men and women varsity golfers on their teams. Athletes completed the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28), with the total (Personal Coping Resources) score serving as a global measure of sport-relevant psychological coping resources. Subsequent performance (stroke average per round) of 105 golfers was assessed over a mean of 12.04 competitive rounds during the remainder of the season. RESULTS: Physical/technical skills and psychological coping resource measures were minimally correlated and both were significant and similarly influential predictors of performance. With psychological resources controlled, performance variance accounted for by physical/technical skills was reduced from 21.2% to 10.6%. With physical/technical skills statistically controlled, psychological coping resources, though reduced from 18.2% to 7.5% of accountable variance, remained a significant predictor of performance. CONCLUSION: Results support the significant role played by psychological coping resources as predictors of athletic performance, together with their ability to "level the field" by reducing the influence of physical/technical talent.

Enhancing Stress Management Coping Skills Using Induced Affect and Collaborative Daily Assessment.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the use of induced affect (IA) and collaborative (therapeutic) assessment (CA) as components of Cognitive-Affective Stress Management Training (CASMT). IA is a technique for rehearsing cognitive and physical relaxationcoping skills under conditions of high affective arousal, which has been shown to result in high levels of coping self-efficacy. CA provides diary-based feedback to clients about the processes underlying theirstress experiences and helps identify affect-arousing experiences to be targeted by IA. We include descriptions of the IA technique and anonline stress and coping daily diary, as well as sample transcripts illustrating how CA is integrated into CASMT and how IA evokes high affective arousal and skills rehearsal. To illustrate idiographic assessment, we also describe threetreatment cases involving female clients between the ages of 20 and 35 with anxiety symptoms who participated in six weeks of CASMT and reported their daily stress and coping experiences (before, during, and following the intervention)for a total of ten weeks. The resulting time series data, analyzed using Simulation Modeling Analysis (SMA), revealed that all clients reported improved negative affect regulation over the course of treatment, yet they exhibited idiographic patterns of change on other outcome and coping skills variables. These results illustrate how IA and CA may be used to enhance emotional self-regulation and how time-series analyses can identify idiographic aspects of treatment response that would not be evident in group data.

Reassessing the "traditional background hypothesis" for elevated MMPI and MMPI-2 Lie-scale scores.

The Lie (L) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is widely regarded as a measure of conscious attempts to deny common human foibles and to present oneself in an unrealistically positive light. At the same time, the current MMPI-2 manual states that "traditional" and religious backgrounds can account for elevated L scale scores as high as 65T-79T, thereby tempering impression management interpretations for faith-based individuals. To assess the validity of the traditional background hypothesis, we reviewed 11 published studies that employed the original MMPI with religious samples and found that only 1 obtained an elevated mean L score. We then conducted a meta-analysis of 12 published MMPI-2 studies in which we compared L scores of religious samples to the test normative group. The meta-analysis revealed large between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 87.1), L scale scores for religious samples that were somewhat higher but did not approach the upper limits specified in the MMPI-2 manual, and an overall moderate effect size (d¯ = 0.54, p < .001; 95% confidence interval [0.37, 0.70]). Our analyses indicated that religious-group membership accounts, on average, for elevations on L of about 5 t-score points. Whether these scores reflect conscious "fake good" impression management or religious-based virtuousness remains unanswered. (PsycINFO Database Record

Instauración y tareas de un servicio de psicología del deporte en un club de fútbol profesional / Creation and tasks of a sport psychology department in a profesional soccer club / Instauração e tarefas de um serviço de psicologia do desporto num clube de futebol profissional

El objetivo de este estudio es describir la instauración y los principales logros de un servicio de psicología del deporte en un club de fútbol desde su inicio. Además se explican las dos principales herramientas que utiliza el servicio: 1) una adaptación del Coach Behavioral Assessment System (CBAS) (observación de los entrenadores) y 2) el Programa de Seguimiento Semanal (PSS) (evaluación de los jugadores a través de los 20 entrenadores del club). Se desarrollan de forma descriptiva los logros que demuestran la posibilidad de introducir características psicológicas en los procedimientos técnicos de un club formativo a través de la inclusión de criterios psicosociales para controlar la evolución y progresión de los jóvenes, así como prevenir el abandono

The aim of this study is to describe the establishment and fundamental achievements of a sport psychology department in a football club from its introduction. Moreover, this study explains the two main tools which are used: 1) An adaptation of the Coach Behavioral Assessment System (CBAS) (observing coaches) and 2) the Weekly Monitoring Program (PSS) (evaluating players through the 20 coaches at the club). In this study, the achievements that demonstrate the possibility of introducing psychological features into the technical procedures of a training club through the inclusion of psychosocial criteria in order to control the development and progression of youngsters, as well as to prevent abandonment, were obtained in a descriptive way

O objectivo deste estudo é descrever a instauração e os principais êxitos de um serviço de psicologia do desporto num clube de formaçãodesde o seu início. Adicionalmente são explicadas as duas principais ferramentas utilizadas neste serviço: 1) uma adaptação do Coach BehavioralAssessment System (CBAS) (observação dos treinadores) e 2) o Programa de Acompanhamento Semanal (PSS) (avaliação dos jogadores através dos 20treinadores do clube). São abordados descritivamente os êxitos alcançados que demonstram a possibilidade de introduzir características psicológicasnos procedimentos técnicos de um clube formativo através da inclusão de critérios psicossociais para monitorizar a evolução e progressão dos jovens,assim como prevenir o abandono

Cognitive-affective processing system analysis of intra-individual dynamics in collaborative therapeutic assessment: translating basic theory and research into clinical applications.

According to the cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS) model, behavior is a function of how the distinctive cognitive-affective system of the individual responds to one's subjective experience of the situation encountered. Thus an individual's maladaptive coping processes may be understood by identifying the nature of the situations that a client experiences as highly stressful and the psychological reactions they trigger. An initial study established the feasibility and utility of an Internet-based CAPS daily diary program; it was then used to facilitate a clinical stress-management intervention. The daily diary enabled researchers and clinicians to gather Highly-Repeated Within-Persons (HRWP) data on the situational features, cognitions, affect, and coping behaviors associated with daily life stress, which were then analyzed separately for each participant to identify each individual's unique and distinctive pattern of intra-individual dynamics. Results suggested that individuals differed reliably in the features of psychological situations that triggered stress and maladaptive coping behaviors. HRWP analysis of daily diary data enhanced the efficacy of clinical intervention, and clients' self-regulatory capabilities and life satisfaction were shown to increase over the course of the intervention. We discuss how our program of research fits into the larger goals of translational science and current NIMH clinical research priorities.

Early surgical debridement in the management of infectious scleritis after pterygium excision.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report outcomes of infectious scleritis after pterygium surgery, managed with antibiotic therapies and early scleral debridement. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 13 consecutive cases of infectious scleritis after pterygium excision between 1999 and 2009 was conducted. Collected data included prior medical and surgical history, latency period between pterygium surgery and presentation of infectious scleritis, culture and histopathologic findings, antibiotic regimen, length of hospital stay, visual acuity before and after treatment, and complications. RESULTS: Median follow-up was at 14 months. Twelve patients underwent prompt surgical debridement after infectious scleritis diagnosis (median, 2.5 days). Debridement was delayed in one patient. Median hospital stay was 3 days. Best-corrected visual acuity improved in ten patients, remained stable in one patient, and decreased in two patients following treatment. Complications included scleral thinning requiring scleral patch graft (1/13), glaucoma (3/13), and progression to phthisis bulbi (1/13). No patients required enucleation. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the generally poor outcomes in the literature, early surgical debridement of pterygium-associated infectious scleritis appears to offer improved prognosis.

Human corneal endothelial cells employ phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) at both Ser10 and Thr187 sites for FGF-2-mediated cell proliferation via PI 3-kinase.

PURPOSE: FGF-2 stimulates cell proliferation of rabbit corneal endothelial cells (rCECs) by degrading the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) (p27) through its phosphorylation mechanism. The authors investigated whether the cell proliferation of human CECs (hCECs) is also induced by FGF-2 stimulation through the p27 phosphorylation pathway. METHODS: Expression and activation of protein were analyzed by immunoblotting. Cell proliferation was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Transfection of hCECs with small interference RNA (siRNA) was performed using a transfection reagent. RESULTS: FGF-2 stimulated cell proliferation in hCECs; the FGF-2 action was completely blocked by pathway-specific inhibitors for PI 3-kinase (LY294002) and MEK1/2 (U0126), respectively. Using immunoblotting, the authors showed that FGF-2 induced phosphorylation of p27 at both serine 10 (Ser10) and threonine 187 (Thr187) sites. These effects were also completely blocked by LY294002 or U0126. The authors then determined cross-talk between PI 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2; blocking of ERK1/2 activation by LY294002 indicated that in hCECs ERK1/2 works as a downstream effector to PI 3-kinase for cell proliferation induced by FGF-2, whereas the ERK1/2 pathway in rCECs is parallel to the PI 3-kinase pathway. However, the downstream mechanism involved in cell cycle progression in hCECs is identical to that of rCECs: phosphorylation of p27 at Ser10 was mediated by kinase-interacting stathmin (KIS), confirmed with siRNA to KIS, and phosphorylation of p27 at Thr187 was mediated by cell division cycle 25A (Cdc25A), confirmed using Cdc25A inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS; FGF-2 stimulates proliferation of hCECs through PI 3-kinase and its downstream target ERK1/2 pathways. This linear signal transduction significantly downregulates p27 through its phosphorylation at both Ser10 and Thr187 sites mediated by KIS and Cdc25A, respectively.

Development and validation of a Spanish version of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory, ACSI-28 / Desarrollo y validación de la versión española del Inventario de Habilidades Deportivas de Afrontamiento, ACSI-28

This study involved the translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28) for a Spanish-speaking sport environment. The sample was made up of 1,253 Spanish athletes, 967 males and 286 females. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the 7-factor structure found in the English version was replicated in the Spanish translation in both males and females. Likewise, the reliability coefficients were similar to those of the English version, with values exceeding .80 for the total score. Several of the subscales correlated positively with sports experience and performance level. The Spanish version of the ACSI-28 thus maintains the factor structure of the original and exhibits similar psychometric properties. Consequently, it can reliably be applied to Spanish-speaking athletes for research and evaluation purposes (AU)

Se ha realizado la traducción, adaptación cultural y validación del Inventario de Habilidades Deportivas de Afrontamiento (ACSI-28) en el ámbito deportivo de habla hispana. Se ha contado con una muestra de 1.253 deportistas españoles, 967 hombres y 286 mujeres. Se ha comprobado mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio que la estructura de siete factores del test original presenta un buen ajuste en la muestra española, tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad obtenidos fueron semejantes a los de la versión inglesa y superiores a .80 en la escala total del test. Varias de las escalas del test se relacionaron positivamente con la experiencia deportiva y el nivel de rendimiento. En conclusión, la versión española del ACSI-28 mantiene la estructura factorial del original y tiene unas propiedades psicométricas semejantes. Por lo tanto, puede resultar aplicable y útil para la evaluación de los deportistas del ámbito cultural de habla hispana (AU)

Development and validation of a Spanish version of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory, ACSI-28.

This study involved the translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28) for a Spanish-speaking sport environment. The sample was made up of 1,253 Spanish athletes, 967 males and 286 females. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the 7-factor structure found in the English version was replicated in the Spanish translation in both males and females. Likewise, the reliability coefficients were similar to those of the English version, with values exceeding .80 for the total score. Several of the subscales correlated positively with sports experience and performance level. The Spanish version of the ACSI-28 thus maintains the factor structure of the original and exhibits similar psychometric properties. Consequently, it can reliably be applied to Spanish-speaking athletes for research and evaluation purposes.

Internet-Based Approaches to Collaborative Therapeutic Assessment: New Opportunities for Professional Psychologists.

Collaborative (or therapeutic) assessment is an empirically supported procedure that involves the client as an active participant in the assessment process. Clients discuss data they provide with the assessor in a collaborative manner designed to provide insights and assist in setting mutually agreeable treatment goals. Internet-based procedures allow for ongoing (including daily) tracking of psychological variables and provision of immediate graphic feedback to therapists, clients, and clinical supervisors. As an example, we describe one such system: Evidence-Based Assessment System for Clinicians (EAS-C) that contains more than 30 brief and empirically validated assessment instruments that can be completed via the internet or smartphone. We also provide examples from a stress management intervention demonstrating how single-client data from a web-based daily stress and coping diary tied to the EAS-C were utilized to provide clients with individualized feedback, assess progress, identify idiographic patterns of cognitions, affect, and coping strategies, and test clinical hypotheses. Internet- and computer-based technological advances can improve service delivery and help bridge the gap that currently exists between science and practice.

A Person-Focused Analysis of Resilience Resources and Coping in Diabetes Patients.

This study investigated the resilience resources and coping profiles of diabetes patients. A total of 145 patients with diabetes completed a questionnaire packet including two measurements of coping (COPE and Coping Styles questionnaires), and personal resources. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) was also assessed. Resilience was defined by a factor score derived from measures of self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-mastery, and optimism. All of the maladaptive coping subscales were negatively associated with resilience (r's range from -.34 to -.56, all p's <.001). Of the adaptive coping subscales, only acceptance, emotional support, and pragmatism were positively associated with resilience. The upper, middle, and lower tertiles of the resilience factor were identified and the coping profiles of these groups differed significantly, with low resilience patients favoring maladaptive strategies much more than those with high or moderate resilience resources. Resilience groups did not differ in HbA(1c) levels; correlation coefficients of the coping subscales with HbA(1c) were explored. This study demonstrates a link between maladaptive coping and low resilience, suggesting that resilience impacts one's ability to manage the difficult treatment and lifestyle requirements of diabetes.

Competitive anxiety in young athletes: differentiating somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption.

The age-appropriate Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2; Smith, Smoll, Cumming, & Grossbard, 2006) was used to assess levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety among male and female youth sport participants. Confirmatory factor analyses with a sample of 9-14 year old athletes (N=1038) supported the viability of a three-factor model of anxiety involving somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption previously demonstrated in high school and college samples. Tests for factorial invariance revealed that the three-factor model was an equally good fit for 9-11 year olds and 12-14 year olds, and for both males and females. Gender and age were modestly related to anxiety scores. Worry about performing poorly was highest in girls and in older athletes, whereas boys reported higher levels of concentration disruption in competitive sport situations. Implications for emotional perception and for the study of competitive anxiety in young athletes are discussed.

Advances in cognitive-social personality theory: applications to sport psychology

Muchas teorías y técnicas de intervención en psicología del deporte tienen un énfasis cognitivo-conductual ylos psicólogos del deporte han estado interesados desde hace tiempo en las diferencias individuales. Los desarrolloscrecientes en la teoría cognitivo social de la personalidad ofrecen nuevas oportunidades para entender el comportamientodeportivo. El descubrimiento de diferencias individuales estables en las relaciones situación-comportamiento ha ayudado aresolver el debate persona-situación en los últimos años, y las rúbricas conductuales ideográficamente distintivas se handemostrado ahora en los comportamientos de los entrenadores en diferentes situaciones de juego. Además, loscomportamientos de los entrenadores se relacionan de manera diferenciada con las preferencias de los deportistas por elentrenador, en función de que ocurran en situaciones en que se está ganando o perdiendo. El Sistema de ProcesamientoCognitivo-Afectivo de Mischel y Shoda (1995) ofrece una nueva herramienta para estudiar constructos de psicología deldeporte como los objetivos de logro y la ansiedad. Así como la teoría cognitivo-social puede informar a la investigación, eldesarrollo de teoría, y las intervenciones en psicología del deporte, la investigación en los ámbitos deportivos puede avanzarel futuro desarrollo de la teoría cognitivo-social de la personalidad (AU)

Many theories and intervention techniques in sport psychology have a cognitive-behavioral emphasis, andsport psychologists have long been interested in individual differences. Recent developments in cognitive social personalitytheory offer new opportunities for understanding sport behavior. The finding of stable individual differences in situationbehaviorrelations has helped resolve the person-situation debate of past years, and idiographically-distinct behavioralsignatures have now been demonstrated for coaching behaviors across differing game situations. Moreover, coachingbehaviors are differentially related to athletes’ liking for the coach, depending on whether they occur during winning orlosing game situations. Mischel and Shoda’s (1995) Cognitive-Affective Processing System offers a new template withinwhich to study sport psychology constructs, such as achievement goal orientations and anxiety. Just as social cognitivetheory can inform research, theory development, and interventions in sport psychology, research in sport settings canadvance the future development of cognitive social personality theory (AU)

Simultaneous presentation of Kimura disease and angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia.

Kimura disease and angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia are rare disease entities that can manifest as subcutaneous nodules, plaques, or papules of the head and neck, and less commonly the orbit and ocular adnexa. The merits of each entity have been debated with regard to whether they are truly individual or are separate points on a single spectrum. Current opinion favors the former. This clinicopathologic report of a patient who presented with a right lower eyelid mass with pathologic features consistent with Kimura disease and a left conjunctival mass with features consistent with angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia poses a challenge to the notion that these are distinct conditions.

Coherence and transituational generality in coping: the unity and the diversity.

We investigated the transituational coherence of coping strategy use by collecting coping data on multiple occasions, and assessing the effects of aggregation over varying numbers of occasions. Study 1 examined the effects of aggregating daily coping reports over three- and six-day periods. Study 2 extended the results of Study 1 by assessing the extent to which aggregation increased the correlation between a dispositional coping measure and daily coping reports. Both studies strongly supported the hypothesis that aggregation would enhance the consistency of coping preferences, suggesting some degree of coherence within the domain of coping strategy used. Aggregated coping reports correlated with each other at significantly higher levels (ranging from 0.46 to 0.77 in Study 1 and from 0.65 to 0.95 in Study 2), than unaggregated coping reports (ranging from -0.12 to 0.30 in Study 1 and from 0.12 to 0.53 in Study 2). Study 2 also showed that aggregated daily reports were better predictors of subsequent coping than scores derived from a standard dispositional coping survey.

The role of resilience on psychological adjustment and physical health in patients with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: This study used a longitudinal design to investigate the buffering role of resilience on worsening HbA(1c) and self-care behaviours in the face of rising diabetes-related distress. METHOD: A total of 111 patients with diabetes completed surveys and had their glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) assessed at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Resilience was defined by a factor score of self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-mastery and optimism. Diabetes-related distress and self-care behaviours were also assessed. RESULTS: Baseline resilience, diabetes-related distress and their interaction predicted physical health (HbA(1c)) at 1 year. Patients with low, moderate and high resilience were identified. Those with low or moderate resilience levels showed a strong association between rising distress and worsening HbA(1c) across time (r=.57, .56, respectively). However, those with high resilience scores did not show the same associations (r=.08). Low resilience was also associated with fewer self-care behaviours when faced with increasing distress (r=-.55). These correlation coefficients remained significant after controlling for starting-points. CONCLUSION: In patients with diabetes, resilience resources predicted future HbA(1c) and buffered worsening HbA(1c) and self-care behaviours in the face of rising distress levels.

Transepithelial bioelectrical properties of rabbit acinar cell monolayers on polyester membrane scaffolds.

In our quest to develop a tissue-engineered tear secretory system, we have tried to demonstrate active transepithelial ion fluxes across rabbit lacrimal acinar cell monolayers on polyester membrane scaffolds to evaluate the bioelectrical properties of the cultured cells. Purified lacrimal gland acinar cells were seeded onto polyester membrane inserts and cultured to confluency. Morphological properties of the cell monolayers were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining for Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and the tight junction-associated protein occludin. Sections revealed cell monolayers with well-maintained epithelial cell polarity, i.e., presence of apical (AP) secretory granules, microvilli, and junctional complexes. Na(+),K(+)-ATPase was localized on both the basal-lateral and apical plasma membranes. The presence of tight cell junctions was demonstrated by a positive circumferential stain for occludin. Bioelectrical properties of the cell monolayers were studied in Ussing chambers under short-circuit conditions. Active ion fluxes were evaluated by inhibiting the short-circuit current (I(sc)) with a Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor, ouabain (100 microM; basal-lateral, BL), and under Cl(-)-free buffer conditions after carbachol stimulation (CCh; 100 microM). The directional apical secretion of Cl(-) was demonstrated through pharmacological analysis, using amiloride (1 mM; BL) and bumetanide (0.1 mM; BL), respectively. Regulated protein secretion was evaluated by measuring the beta-hexosaminidase catalytic activity in the AP culture medium in response to 100 microM basal CCh. In summary, rabbit lacrimal acinar cell monolayers generate a Cl(-)-dependent, ouabain-sensitive AP --> BL I(sc) in response to CCh, consistent with current models for Na(+)-dependent Cl(-) secretion.

Effects of a motivational climate inntervention for coaches on young athletes' sport performance anxiety.

The mastery approach to coaching is a cognitive-behavioral intervention designed to promote a mastery-involving motivational climate, shown in previous research to be related to lower anxiety in athletes. We tested the effects of this intervention on motivational climate and on changes in male and female athletes'cognitive and somatic performance anxiety over the course of a basketball season. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses revealed that the athletes in the intervention condition perceived their coaches as being more mastery-involving on the Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports when compared to athletes in an untreated control condition. Relative to athletes who played for untrained coaches, those who played for the trained coaches exhibited decreases on all subscales of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 and on total anxiety score from preseason to late season. Control group athletes reported increases in anxiety over the season. The intervention had equally positive effects on boys and girls teams.